Chapter 01
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

True/False Questions
 
1. Both the size and the shape of bones can limit or allow movements. 
TRUE
 
2. There are approximately 552 muscles in the human body. 
FALSE
 
3. During the process of bone remodeling, osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone.
FALSE
 
4. About 50 to 60 percent of the volume of cortical bone is porous.
FALSE
 
5. The endosteum is located at the ends of long bones. 
FALSE

6. The scapula is an example of an irregular bone. 
FALSE
 
7. One of the functions of articular cartilage is to separate the diaphysis and epiphysis. 
FALSE
 
8. Both sesamoid and accessory bones occur in same numbers in individuals. 
FALSE

9. Typical bony features include tendons, epiphysis, and articular cartilage. 
FALSE
 
10. Epiphyseal plates generally close by age 14, but some may be present until age 18. 
FALSE
 
11. Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body. 
TRUE
 
12. Most outer bone is composed of cortical bone with cancellous bone underneath. 
TRUE
 
13. Cancellous bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress, but less strain, than cortical bone. 
FALSE
 
14. Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension. 
TRUE 

15. Bones continue to grow longitudinally as long as the epiphyseal plates are open.
TRUE
 
16. The hyaline cartilage is quite resilient because it is slightly compressible and elastic.
TRUE
 
17. Aging causes progressive gain of collagen and increases bone brittleness.
FALSE
 
18. Bone size and shape are influenced by both the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them. 
TRUE
 
19. Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses that are placed upon them. 
TRUE
 
20. Ligaments and connective tissue provide dynamic stability to joints when actively contracting.
FALSE
 
21. Diarthrodial joints are also known as synovial joints. 
TRUE
 
22. Flexion is an example of movement in a coronal plane about an anteroposterior axis. 
FALSE

23. Flexion or extension can occur with abduction, adduction, or rotation.
TRUE

Multiple Choice Questions
 
24. Which of the following statements is true about circumduction? 
A. Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
B. Synonymous with rotation
C. Occurs only in one joint
D. Combines flexion and extension
 
25. Which of the following terms refers to a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction?
A. Pronation
B. Scaption
C. Supination
D. Circumduction
 
26. Which of the following is the correct definition of kinesiology? 
A. The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement
B. The study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems
C. The study of the application of mechanical physics to human motion
D. The study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement
 
27. Which of the following is an example of a transverse plane movement? 
A. Extension of the left toes
B. Abduction of the left transverse tarsal joint
C. Internal rotation of the right shoulder
D. Plantar flexion of the ankle

28. The frontal plane divides the body into _____. 
A. right and left halves
B. front and back halves
C. top and bottom halves
D. medial and lateral halves
 
29. Movements in the transverse plane occur around the _____ axis.
A. mediolateral
B. anteroposterior
C. vertical
D. horizontal
 
30. Elbow extension takes place in the _____ plane. 
A. sagittal
B. frontal
C. transverse
D. longitudinal
 
31. Abduction takes place around the _____ axis. 
A. anteroposterior
B. mediolateral
C. longitudinal
D. horizontal
 
32. Knee extension occurring from femoral condyles rotating forward on tibia as a person stands from a squatting position is an example of the accessory motion called _____.
A. glide
B. slide
C. roll
D. spin

33. Each of the following joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except _____. 
A. gomphosis
B. syndesmosis
C. synchondrosis
D. symphysis
 
34. Lowering the arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position is an example of _____.
A. abduction
B. extension
C. adduction
D. circumduction
 
35. If the _____ plane runs from anterior to posterior, then its axis must run from side to side. 
A. frontal
B. transverse
C. sagittal
D. longitudinal
 
36. What term is used to describe the movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane?
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Dorsiflexion
D. Plantar flexion
 
37. Which of the following terms means related to, or situated to the left or on the left side of, something?
A. Sinister
B. Ventral
C. Proximal
D. Supine

38. Bone is composed of all of the following except _____.
A. protein
B. calcium
C. phosphorus
D. water
 
39. Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system? 
A. Protection of internal organs
B. Support to maintain posture
C. Storage of minerals
D. Production of heat
 
40. Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from physiological movements is known as _____. 
A. osteokinematic motion
B. arthrokinematic motion
C. accessory motion
D. osteochondral motion
 
41. The three specific types of accessory motions are _____. 
A. slip, slide, and roll
B. spin, twirl, and glide
C. rock, slide, and circumfusion
D. roll, spin, and glide
 
42. If the knee were not able to slide, the femur would _____ when going from flexion to extension on a stationary tibia. 
A. roll off the back of the tibia
B. roll off the front of the tibia
C. spin more internally on the tibia
D. spin more externally on the tibia

43. Motion between the articular surfaces of bones is known as _____. 
A. kinetics
B. osteokinematics
C. arthrokinematics
D. biomechanics
 
44. Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine is called _____. 
A. pronation
B. protraction
C. retraction
D. reduction
 
45. Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm is called _____. 
A. palmar flexion
B. radial flexion
C. ulnar flexion
D. volar flexion
 
46. An instrument used to measure the change in joint angles is a(n) _____. 
A. flexometer
B. jointmeter
C. arthrometer
D. goniometer

Essay Questions

47. List the six (6) types of diarthrodial/synovial joints. 
1. Arthrodial
2. Condyloidal
3. Enarthrodial
4. Ginglymus
5. Sellar
6. Trochoidal
 
48. Using proper joint terminology, list the name and position of each joint involved upon completion of the following multiple joint movement. Starting from the anatomical position, reach with your right arm and touch the ipsilateral side of your head with the palm of your hand. 
Answers will vary.
 
49. List three (3) of the terms that are used to describe bone markings. 
Answers will vary.
 
50. List two of the most commonly occurring movements for each of the following planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. 
Answers will vary.